1 概述
门静脉高压症是指由各种原因导致的门静脉系统压力升高所引起的一组临床综合征,其最常见病因为各种原因所致的肝硬化。门静脉高压症基本病理生理特征是门静脉系统血流受阻和(或)血流量增加,门静脉及其属支血管内静力压升高并伴侧支循环形成,临床主要表现为腹水、食管胃静脉曲张(gastroesophageal varices,GOV)、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EVB)和肝性脑病等,其中EVB病死率高,是最常见的消化系统急症之一。为规范肝硬化门静脉高压EVB的预防、诊断和治疗,中华医学会肝病学分会、消化病学分会和内镜学分会于2008年组织国内有关专家制订了《肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃静脉曲张出血的防治共识》。近7年来,国内外有关肝硬化门静脉高压EVB的临床研究取得一定进展。许多随机对照研究更新了EVB的处理方法,发表了2008年的苏格兰校际指南网络(SIGN)、2012年英国国家卫生与临床研究所(NICE)指南和2015年英国指南及BavenoⅥ等。此外,有关患者教育、基础治疗、如何降低内镜治疗后再出血率,术前术后包括肝功能、门脉高压及侧支循环的评估等对治疗方案选择的影响,也是临床存在的突出问题。
本指南旨在帮助医生在肝硬化门静脉高压EVB的诊疗和预防工作中做出合理决策,但不是强制性标准,也不可能包括或解决肝硬化门静脉高压EVB诊治中的所有临床问题。因此,临床医生在面对某一患者时,应在充分了解有关本病的最佳临床证据、认真考虑患者具体病情及其意愿的基础上,根据自己的专业知识、临床经验和可利用的医疗资源,制订全面合理的诊疗方案。
本文中的证据等级分为A、B、C 3个级别,推荐等级分为1、2两个级别,见表1。
表1 推荐意见的证据等级和推荐等级

2 基本概念
2.1 EVB治疗目的
EVB的防治目的包括:①预防首次EVB(一级预防);②控制急性EVB;③预防再次EVB(二级预防);④改善肝脏功能储备。
2.2 EVB和再出血
2.2.1 EVB的诊断:
出血12~24小时内进行食管胃十二指肠镜(esophagogastroduodenoscopy,EGD,简称胃镜)检查是诊断EVB的可靠方法。内镜下可见曲张静脉活动性出血(渗血、喷血)、在未发现其他部位有出血病灶但有明显静脉曲张的基础上,发现有血栓头。
胃镜作为一种侵入性的检查措施,目前仍是对静脉曲张进行筛查的主要方法。推荐采用胃镜检查确定患者是否存在GOV并评估曲张静脉破裂出血的危险性。一项包含了9项研究、631例患者的Meta分析显示,胶囊内镜检查用于诊断食管胃静脉曲张的敏感度和特异度分别为83%和85%,另一项包含了16项研究的Meta分析显示,胶囊内镜诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为84.8%和84.3%,其中仅1项研究出现了严重不良事件,为食管狭窄嵌顿。相比于胃镜,胶囊内镜检查耐受性良好,但其在评估静脉曲张的存在、大小和红色征等方面仍不理想,预测精度目前尚不满意。超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)可在内镜检查的基础上,提供更多细节信息,如内部解剖结构变化和黏膜血流的改变,可提高病程早期的诊断率。
腹部超声检查可反映肝硬化和门静脉高压的严重程度,辅助GOV的诊断。多排螺旋 CT(multidetector computedtomography,MDCT)可作为筛查门静脉高压症食管胃静脉曲张的无创性检查方法,尤其对较大GOV的诊断敏感度和特异度均较高。CT门静脉血管成像(CT portography,CTP)可清晰显示门静脉主干及其分支与侧支循环,与胃镜检查在GOV诊断方面具有一致性,对孤立胃静脉曲张也是一种有效的筛查和治疗效果评估的工具。在GOV分级方面,CT检查与内镜检查之间尚不具有很好的相关性。磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiopraphy,MRA)能较好地显示门静脉系统解剖图像,磁共振弹性成像(magnetic resonance elastography,MRE)和动态增强磁共振成像(dynamic contrastmaterial-enhanced MR,DCEMR)等技术均可用于预测食管胃静脉曲张。肝弹性检测与肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient,HVPG)具有一定相关性,也可用于肝硬化门静脉高压的辅助诊断,但均不足以代替胃镜检查。一些研究选取了部分非侵入性的指标来进行评价,如血小板计数、纤维蛋白原等,其GOV风险评估程度还需进一步确认。
2.2.2 提示EVB未控制的征象:
具有以下表现之一:①在药物治疗或内镜治疗后≥2小时,出现呕吐新鲜血液或鼻胃管吸出超过100ml新鲜血液;②发生失血性休克;③未输血情况下,在任意24小时期间,血红蛋白下降30g/L(红细胞比容降低约为9%)。
2.2.3 提示EVB再出血的征象:
出血控制后再次有临床意义的活动性出血事件(呕血、黑便或便血;收缩压降低20mmHg以上或心率增加>20次/分;在没有输血的情况下血红蛋白下降30g/L以上)。早期再出血:出血控制后72小时至6周内出现活动性出血。迟发性再出血:出血控制6周后出现活动性出血。
2.3 GOV的分型与分级
我国、日本及欧美有关食管胃静脉曲张的分型分级标准不同,本指南推荐我国的分型方法——LDRf分型,LDRf是具体描述静脉曲张在消化管道内所在位置(location,L)、直径(diameter,D)与危险因素(risk factor,Rf)的分型记录方法,统一表示方法为:LXx D0.3-5 Rf0,1,2。
LXx:第一个 X为脏器英文名称的首字母,即食管“e”(esophageal)、胃“g”(gastric)、十二指肠“d”(duodenum)、空肠“j”(jejunum)、回肠“i”(ileum)、直肠“r”(rectum)等,第二个x是曲张静脉位于该器官的哪一段,以食管为例,上段“s”(superior),中段“m”(middle),下段“i”(inferior),分别记做Les,Lem,Lei。孤立胃静脉曲张记做Lg,Lgf表示曲张静脉位于胃底,Lgb表示曲张静脉位于胃体,Lga表示曲张静脉位于胃窦,若食管静脉曲张延伸至胃底则记做Le,g;若曲张静脉为多段,使用相应部位代号联合表示,如为食管下段与胃底均存在静脉曲张,但未相同,记录为Lei,Lgf。
D0.3-5:表示所观察到曲张静脉最大直径,按D+直径数字方法表示,
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